Exam Notes

Chapter 1- PRE MID Study Questions 1) What ar the challenges of ploughing in the new economy 2) What ar the giving medications like in the new employment? 3) Who argon the managers and what do they do? 4) What is the focus pricess? 5) How do you fix the essential managerial skills and competencies? Overview of the 21st degree centigrade workplace -Organizations must(prenominal) adapt to rapidly changing society -Economy is global and driven by innovation and engine room -High performing companies gain extraordinary results from race working for them -Interdependent, friendship based nurture doubtfulness 1Intellectual Capital- pot ar the ultimate foundations of system of patternsal trans natural process, it is the collective brainpower or sh bed knowledge of a work force that can be engaged to create prize. A knowledge worker adds to the intellectual capital of an organization. Globalization- issue boundaries of world railway line have largely disappeared. G lobalization is the worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets, and business competition that char sufficeerize the new economy. Technology- There is an increasing demand for knowledge workers with the skills to full utilize the engineering science such as (internet computers and knowledge technology)Diversity- Workforce diversity reflects differenes with respect to gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and able bodiednes. Creates a different and multicultural workforce but challenges and offers opportunities to employers. Ethics- Code of moral principles, society requires business to operate according to mettlesome moral standards. Emphasis today is on restoring the strength of corporate governance. STUDY QUESTION 2 some(prenominal) Critical skills for success in the workplace are mastery, contacts, entrepreneurship, love of technology, marketing, passion for renewal.Organization- A collection of community working unneurotic to master a common purpose. Organizations translate determinationful goods and or services that reproduction value to society and satisfy customer needs. Organizations are Open Systems- Composted of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose and act with their environments. They transform resource inputs into product outputs(goods and services). Environmental feedback tells organization how closely it is meeting the needs of customers and society.Organizational Performance- value is created when an organizations operations ads value to the original price of resource inputs. Value creation occurs when businesses earn a profit or nonprofit organizations add wealth to society. Organizational Performance -Productivity an overall measure of the quantity and quality of work executing with resource purpose taken into account -Performance Effectiveness An output measure of task or goal performment -Performance susceptibility An input measure of the resource costs associated with goal accomplishmentWorkplace changes that provide a context for studying vigilance belief in valet capital, demise of command and control, emphasis on teamwork, Preeminence of technology, pass over of networking, New workforce expectations, concern for work-life balance, focus on speed. STUDY QUESTION 3 Importance of human resources and managers toxic workplaces that treat employees as costs, High performing organizations treat spate as valuable strategic assets, managers must ensure that people are treated this way.Manager- a someone in an organization who supports and is responsible for(p) for the work of others, they are the ones who help those whose tasks represent the real work of the organization. Levels of Management a)Top Managers- responsible for performance of an organization as a whole or for one of its larger parts. b) Middle managers- in charge of relatively large departments or divisions. c) Project managers- coordinate complex projects with tas k deadlines d) Team Leaders or supervisors- in charge of a small work group of non-managerial workers.Reponsibilities of team leaders Plan meetings and work schedules, mop up goals and tasks, and gather ideas for improvement, appraise performance and counsel team members, recommend pay raises and new assignments, recruit, develop and inveigh team members, encourage high performance and teamwork, inform team members about organization goals and expectations, inform higher(prenominal) trains of work unit needs and accomplishments, co-ordinate with others teams and support the rest of the organization. Types of Managers a)Line Managers responsible for work activities that directly adjoin organizations outputs. )Staff managers use technical expertise to advise and support the efforts of line workers c) Functional managers responsible for a bingle area of an activity d) General managers responsible for more complex units that include many another(prenominal) functional areas. e) A dministrators work in public and nonprofit organizations. managerial Performance and Accountability- accountability is the requirement of one person to attend to a higher authority for relevant performance results. Effective managers fulfill performance accountability by helping others to achieve high performance outcomes and experience satisfaction in their work.Quality of work life (qwl) an indicant of the overall quality of human experiences in the workplace. Some indicators are fair pay, safe working conditions, opportunities to learn and use new skills, room to grow and progress into a career, protection of individual rights, pride in work it self and in the organization. High performing managers build working alliances with others, help others develop their skills and performance competencies, rear teamwork, create a work environment that is performance driven and provides satisfaction for workers.The organization as an superlative down pyramid each individual is a valu e-added worker. A managers job is to support workers efforts. The best managers are known for helping and supporting. STUDY QUESTION 4 Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources to accomplish performance goals. All managers are responsible for the four functions, and they are carried on continually. Functions of worry a) supply the process of setting objectives and determining what actions should be taken to accomplish them. ) Organizing- the process of assigning tasks, allocating resources and arranging the unified activities of individuals and groups to weapon plans c) Leading- the process of arousing peoples enthusiasm to work hard and direct their efforts to fulfill plans and accomplish objectives. d) authoritative- the process of measuring work performance, comparing results to objectives and winning corrective action as needed Managerial activities and roles a) Interpersonal roles- involve interactions with persons in side and outside the work unit b) Informational roles- Involve giving, receiving, and analyzing of randomness. ) Decisional Roles- involve using information to make closes in order to pass problems or address opportunities Characteristics of managerial work Managers work grand hours, work at an intense pace, work at a fragmented and varied tasks, work with many commutation media, work largely though interpersonal relationships. Agenda setting- Development of action priorities for ones job, includes goals and plans that span dour and short Networking- The process of building and maintaining positive relationships with people whose help may be needed to implement ones work agendasSTUDY QUESTION 5 Essential managerial skills Skill-the ability to translate knowledge into action that results in want performance Technical skill- the ability to apply a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks* lower level managers have more of this benevolent skill- the ability t o work well in cooperation with others Conceptual skill- the ability to think critically and analytically to solve complex problems. * top level managers have more of this Managerial Competency- A skill-based capability that contributes to high performance in a perplexity job.Managerial competencies are implicit in Planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Informational, interpersonal, an finishal roles. Agenda setting and networking. Chapter 7-PRE MID Study Questions 1) How is information technology changing the workplace? 2) What is the role of information in the watchfulness process? 3) How do managers use information to make decisions? 4) What are the steps in the decision- qualification process? 5) What are the contemporary issues in managerial decision making? STUDY QUESTION 1Knowledge and knowledge workers provide a decisive competitive factor in todays economy. Intellectual Capital- shared knowledge of a workforce that can be utilise to create wealth * irreplaceabl e organizational resources* Electronic commerce- the process of buying and selling goods and services electronically through use of the internet. Implications if IT within organizations Facilitation of communcation and information share, operating with fewer middle managers, flattening of organizational structures, faster decision making and increased coordination and control.How IT is changing the office progressive organizations activiely use it to help achieve high performance in uncertain environments. Key developments in networked offices are instant messaging and peer to peer sharing (p2p) STUDY QUESTION 2 Data- raw facts and observations Information- Data made useful for decision making drives management functions Characteristics of useful info timely, high quality, complete, relevant, understandable. Information system- Use of the latest IT to collect, organize and distribute entropy for use in decision making.Management Information System (MIS)- specifically designed to m eet the information needs of managers in daily decision making. Decision to support syste (DSS)- An interactive information system that allows users to organize and analyze data for solving complex and sometimes unstructured problems. Group Decision Support System (GDSS)- facilitates group efforts to solve complex and unstructured problems. *use groupware Artificial Intelligence (AI)- computer systems with the capacity to reason the way people do. Expert Systems (ES)- Software systems that use AI to mimic the persuasion of human experts.Managerial advantages of IT utilizations 1) Planning advantaes- better and more timely access to useful information, involving more people in planning. 2) Organizing advantages- more ongoing and informed dialogue among all parts of the organization, improved coordination and integration 3) Leading advantages- improved communication with staff and stakeholders, keeping objectives overhear. 4) Controlling advantages- more immediate measure of perform ance results, allows real-time solutions to performance problems STUDY QUESTION 3Performance deficiency- actual performance being less than desire performance Performance opportunity- actual performance being better than desired performance Problem Solving- the process of identifying a discrepancy between actual and desired performance and taking action to resolve it. Decision- a choice among possible alternative course of action. Programmed decisions- apply solutions that are promptly available from past experiences to solve structured problems, these problems are ones that happen often and are familiar.Nonprogrammed decisions- develop original solutions to meet the demands of unique situation that presents unstructured problems. Commonly faced by higher-level management Crisis Decision making a crisis involves an unexpected problem that can lead to disaster if not resolved quickly and appropriately. authoritative Environment- offers complete info about possible action alterna tives and their outcomes Risk Environment- escapes complete info about action alternatives and their consequences, but offers some estimates of probabilities of outcomes for possible action alternatives.Uncertain Environments- Information is so poor that probabilities cannot be assigned to presumable outcome of known action alternatives. Systematic v/s intuitive thinking- systematic thinking approaches problems in a rational step by step and analytical fashion. Intuitive thinking approaches problems in a flexible and spontaneous fashion. Multidimensional thinking applies both intuitive and systematic thinking. Effective multidimensional thinking requires skill at strategic opportunism. STUDY QUESTION 4 Decision making Process tincture 1- Identify and congeal the problem focuses on information gathering, info processing and deliberation. Decsion objectives should be established Step 2- Generate and assess possible solutions potential solutions are formulated and more info is gath ered, data are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative solutions are identified. Step 3-decide on a preferred course of action classical decision model managers act rationally in a certain world, managers face clearly defined problems and have complete knowledge of all possible alternatives and their consequences this results in an optimizing decision.OR bearingal decision model managers act in terms of what they observe about a given situation, recognizes limits to human information-processing capabilities, they will choose the first satisfactory alternative Step 4- Implement the decision solution involves taking action to make sure the solution decided upon becomes a reality, managers need to have willingness and ability to implement action plans. Step 5- evaluate results involves comparing actual and desired results, positive and negative consequences of chosen course of action should be examined.STUDY QUESTION 5 Availability Heuristic- people use information readily available from memory as a basis for assessing a current event or situation Representativeness Heuristic- People assess the likelihood of something happening based upon its similarity to a stereotyped set of occurrences Anchoring and adjustment Heuristic- People make decisions based on adjustments to a previously existing value or starting point. Ethics double check- any decision should follow this ethics rule ask yourself how would I feel if my family found out about this decision? how would I feel if this was publish in the newspaper *ethical decisions satisfy the following criteria utility, rights, justice, caring. Chapter 2- POST MID Study Questions 1) what can be learned from classical management thinking? 2) What ideas were introduced by the human resource approaches? 3) What is the role of quantitative analytic thinking in management? 4) What is unique about the systems view and contingency thinking? 5) What are the continuing management themes of the 21 century? STUDY QUSTION 1Classical Approaches to management 1) Scientific Management-(Frederick Taylor) Decelop rules of motion , standardized work implements and proper working conditions for every job. Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job. Carefully train workers and provide proper incentives. Support workers by carefully planning their work and removing obstacles. (The Gilbreths) Motion study, science of reducing a job or taskt to its primary physical motions. Eliminating wasted motions imporves performance. ) Administrative Principles ( Henri Fayol) RULES OF guidance a) foresight- co complete a plan of ation for the future b) organization- tp provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan c) coordination- to fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems are solved. d) Control- to make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT a) Scalar chain- there should be a clear and unbroken line of communication from the top to the fag of the organization. ) Unity of command- each person should receive orders from only one boss c) Unity of direction- one person should be in charge of all activities with the same performance objective. MARY PARKER FOLLET Group and human cooperation Groups are mechanisms through which individuals can combine their talents for a greater good, Organizations are cooperating communities of managers and workers. Mangagers job is to help people in the organization cooperate and achieve an integration of interests.Forward-looking management insights making every employee an owner creates a genius of collective responsibility (precursor of employee ownership, profit sharing, an gain sharing). Business problems involve a variety of inter-related factors. Private shekels relative to public good (precursor of managerial ethics and social responsibility) 3) Bureaucratic Organization (max Weber)- Bureaucracy is an archetype intention ally rational and very efficient form of organization. Based on principles of logic, order, and legitimate authority.Characteristics of Bureaucratic organizations clear division of labor, clear hierarchy of authority, formal rules and procedures, im temperament, careers based on merit. STUDY QUESTION 2 Human resource approaches include 1) Hawthorne Studies initial tudy examined how economic incentives and physical conditions affected worker output. No consistent relationship found. Psychological factors influenced results. Relay assembly test room studies manipulated physical work conditions to assess impact on output, was designed to minimize the psychological factors of previous experiment.Factors that accounted for increased productivity group atmosphere and participative supervision. Employee attitutes, interpersonal relations and group processes- some things satisfied some workers but not others, people restricted output to pose to group norms. Lessons from the Hawthorne S tudies Social and human concerns are keys to productivity, hawthorne effect-people who are singled out for special attention perform as expected. 2) Maslows theory of human needs- a need is a physiological or psychological deficiency a person feels compelled to satisfy.Need levels physiological, safety, social, esteem, self actualization. Deficit principle- a satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior Progression principle- a need becomes a motivator once the preceding ower level need is satisfied. * some(prenominal) principles cease to perate at a self actualization level 3) McGregors Theory X assumes that workers dislike work, lack ambition, are irresponsible, resist change, prefer to be led. McGregors Theory Y assumes that workers are willing to work, capable of self control, willing to accept responsibility, imaginative and creative, capable of self direction.Implications of Theory x and y managers create self fulfilling prophecies, theory x managers create situations where workers become dependent and reluctant. Theory Y managers create situations where workes respond with hatchway and high performance * central to notions of empowerment and self management 4) Argyriss theory of adult personality classical management principles and practices inhibit worker maturation and are inconsistent with the mature adult personality.Management practices should lenify the mature personality by increasing task responsibility, increasing task variety, using participative decision making. STUDY QUESTION 3 Management science (operations research) foundations scientific application of numeric techniques to management problems. Techniques and applications include mathematical forecasting, inventory modeling, linear programming, queuing theory, network models, simulations.Quantitative analysis today- use of staff and specialists to help managers apply techniques, software and ironware developments have expanded potential quantitative applications to managerial prob lems. Good judgement and appreciation for human factors must accompany use of quantitatitve analysis. STUDY QUESTION 4 System-collection of interrelated parts that function together to achieve a common purpose. Subsytem- A smaller component of a larger system Open systems- organizations that interact with their environments in the continual process of transforming resource inputs to outputs.Contingency thinking- triest to match managerial respinses with problems and opportunities unique to different situations. * espically indicidual or environmental differences. No one best way to manage. Appropriate way to manage depends on the situation. STUDY QUESTION 5 Quality and performance excellence- managers and workers in progressive organizations are quality conscious. * wuality and competitive anaylsis are conjugated Total Qaulity Management (TQM) Comprehensive approach to continupus quality improvement for a total organization, creates context for the value chain.Global Awareness- pr essure for quality and performance excellence is created by a highly competitie global economy. Has promoted increasing intrest in new management concepts process engineering, virtual organizations, Agile factories, network firms. Adoption of the theory Z management practices. Core Factors of a leraning Organization -mental models -personal mastery -systems thinking -shared vision -team learning In the 21st century managers must be Global strategists, masters of technology, inspiring leaders and models of ethical behaviour.